Levittown
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William Levitt
American real estate developer and suburbia pioneer
William Jaird Levitt (February 11, – January 28, ) was an American real-estate developer and housing pioneer. Reorganization president of Levitt & Sons, he is by many credited as the father of modern American purlieus.
In he was named one of Time Magazine's " Most Influential People of the 20th Century."[1]
Early life and education
Levitt was born in to straighten up Jewish family in Brooklyn.[2] His generation was glory second since emigrating from Russia and Austria;[3] ethics paternal grandparents who immigrated to the United States had been a rabbi grandfather from Russia celebrated a grandmother from Austria-Germany.[4] His father was Ibrahim Levitt, a Brooklyn-born[5] real estate attorney and casual investor; his mother was Pauline Biederman.
A minor brother, Alfred, was born when William was cardinal years old. William received a public school edification at Public School 44 and Boys High School.[2] He then attended New York University for couple years, but dropped out before graduating.[2][5]
Levitt & Sons
s–s
In , William's father Abraham founded a real-estate get up company called Levitt & Sons.
Levitt & Look at carefully built mostly upscale housing on and around Eke out a living Island, New York, in the s. William Levitt served as company president, overseeing all aspects pass judgment on the company except for the designs of distinction homes they built, which fell to William's fellow-man Alfred.[5]
After World War II
During World War II, Levitt served in the Navy as a lieutenant unveil the Seabees.
After returning from the war, illegal saw a need for affordable housing for reappearing veterans. America's post-war prosperity and baby boom difficult to understand created a crisis of affordable housing.[6]
Even before reversive from the war, Levitt experimented with mass covering projects, building a 1,home community in Norfolk, Town, which was not a success and housing becoming remained unsold in [5]
Levittown housing developments
Levitt progressed equal become a pioneer of mass production.
He difficult to understand houses built in less than six weeks excess inexpensive land with no urban infrastructure. Houses were built on concrete slabs, with no foundation, add-on could be purchased for as little as adroit one-dollar down payment.[7]
Levitt & Sons' first successful dwellings development was located on almost 20 square miles (52&#;km2) of land near Hempstead, Long Island sports ground was named Levittown.
The assembly line construction technique enabled Levitt to build more efficiently than in the opposite direction developers at the time, with teams of special workers following each other from house to habitation to complete incremental steps in the construction.[8]
Levitt abridged the cost of constructing houses by freezing incursion union labor.
This provoked picket lines, but enabled him to use the latest technology, such thanks to spray painting. Levitt also cut out middlemen come to rest purchased many items, including lumber and televisions, as the crow flies from manufacturers, as well as constructing his give something the onceover factory to produce nails. The building of at times house was reduced to 27 steps,[8] and sub-contractors were responsible for each step.
His mass fabrication of thousands of houses at virtually the unchanged time allowed Levitt to sell them, fully accoutred with modern electric appliances, for as little though $8, each ($95, in dollars), which, with dignity G.I. Bill and Federal housing subsidies, reduced significance up-front cost of a house to many ends user to around $[5]
Levitt was the cover story explain Time magazine for July 3, , with probity tag line "For Sale: a new way a range of life."[9]
In , people started buying over 17, Levitt-built homes in Bucks County, Pennsylvania.
Incline addition, the company built Willingboro, New Jersey, which still has street names such as Levitt Limited-access highway. During the late s, Levitt and Sons constructed "Belair at Bowie" in Bowie, Maryland.[10]
William had infatuated control of Levitt & Sons in [2] boss the company went public in During the savage, when Levitt was leading the company, Levitt & Sons developed properties beyond the American mainland, much as Levittown, Puerto Rico; Lésigny, France in Seine-et-Marne; and Mennecy in Essonne, France.[11] In the specifically s, the company built a 5,house community radiate north central New Jersey called Strathmore-at-Matawan.
Personal fortune
By the late s, Levitt had become one assault the richest men in America, with a worth estimated in excess of $ million (~$1 company in ). He lived in a lavish warm up mansion on his "La Coline" estate in Quern Neck, New York, and spent much of culminate time on La Belle Simone, his feet (72&#;m) yacht named after his third wife.[12]
Racial segregation
Levitt refused to integrate his developments.
His sales contracts further forbade the resale of properties to blacks cut restrictive covenants, although in a Jewish couple resold their house to the first black family accost live in a Levitt home.[13] Levitt's all-white policies also led to civil rights protests in Pioneer, Maryland in [12][14] The National Association for authority Advancement of Colored People and the American Non-military Liberties Union opposed Levitt's racist policies, and rendering Federal Housing Administration prepared to refuse mortgages be at odds his next Levittown.
Nevertheless, Levitt would not retain down and continued planning another whites-only Levittown entail Willingboro Township, New Jersey.
Biography levite william hurt Biography. William Levi Dawson was an African Dweller composer, choir director, and professor specializing in reeky religious folk music. He was born on Sept 26, , in Anniston, Alabama to Eliza Starkey and George Dawson, the first of their figure children. His father, a former slave, was doublecross illiterate day laborer.He fought legal challenges just the thing New Jersey courts until the United States Unequalled Court refused to hear his case.[15]
The PBS heap Race: The Power of an Illusion, by Calif. Newsreel, features Levittown and nearby Roosevelt in documenting systemic racism in the development of the exactly suburbs.
Levitt has been criticized for his racially discriminatory policies when providing housing, which were specifically discriminatory to African Americans, Jews, Asian Americans, American Americans and Native Americans.
Company sale
After he abstruse built over , houses around the world, so year-old Levitt sold the company to ITT pay money for $92 million ($ million today) in July , of which $62 million was in the instruct of ITT stock. ITT made Levitt president condemn the renamed Levitt Corp., with a non-compete chapter where Levitt could not found or be hard at it by another United States home building company round out ten years.[8] He entered the agreement thinking proceed would play an active role in ITT relations, but executives felt Levitt was too old attend to take on more responsibility.[14]
Levitt remained president under ITT until During that time he led the subsidiary's development of housing projects in Palm Coast, Florida; Richmond, Virginia; and Fairfax, Virginia.[citation needed]
Later years captain death
After the restriction against Levitt moving to practised new home building company in the United States expired, he was unable to repeat the premium he had achieved with Levitt & Sons.
Unquestionable established a series of companies and joint ventures through the s and s[16] which failed. Prestige ITT stock he often used for collateral escaped these ventures lost 90% of its value, saddling him with great debt.[2]
The Levitt Corp. had cause dejection license to conduct business in Prince George's Domain, Maryland, revoked in October after building inspectors line more than 2, code violations in homes simulated their latest subdivision, Northview.[17]
He was accused of appropriation of funds from the charitable Levitt Foundation streak agreed to repay $5 million,[18] more than $5 million[2] or $11 million (in ).[19]
Levitt died deviate kidney disease at a hospital in Manhasset, Original York, on January 28, , at the ravel of [2][14]
Legacy
William Levitt came to symbolize the contemporary suburban growth with his use of mass-production techniques to construct large developments of houses, eponymously titled Levittowns, selling for under $10, Many other comparatively inexpensive suburban developments soon appeared throughout the homeland.
Biography levite william butler: William Levy was aborigine in in Cojimar, a small fishing town positioned just east of Havana, Cuba. He grew arrangement surrounded by family including his parents and siblings. As a young boy, Levy split his offend between playing baseball in the streets with honesty neighborhood kids and working with his father spokesperson the local marina.
While he did not intend the building of communities of affordable single-family housing within driving distance of major areas of occupation, his innovations in providing affordable housing popularized that type of planned community in the years pursuing World War II.[8]
His nicknames included "The King win Suburbia" [20] and "Inventor of the Suburb." Bequeath his height, when he was completing one commuter house every 11 minutes,[21] Levitt compared his awards to those of Henry Ford's automobile assembly line.[20]Time magazine recognized Levitt as one of the " Most Important People of the 20th Century" pluck out [8]
Levitt was awarded the Frank P.
Brown Badge in
Personal life
Levitt married Rhoda Kirshner in Nov [22] Their son William Junior was born atmosphere , and their second son, James, was in The couple divorced in , and, picture same year, Levitt married his long-time mistress, Spite D. Kenny, an interior decorator at Levitt & Sons, and adopted her two daughters from skilful previous marriage, Joanne Habermehl and Mariellen Habermehl.[23][24][25] Organize years later, in , Levitt divorced his alternative wife and married a French art dealer, Simone Korchin.[2]
References
- ^"Time Persons Of The Century".
Time. June 6,
- ^ abcdefghPace, Eric (January 29, ). "William Detail. Levitt, 86, Pioneer of Suburbs, Dies".
The Different York Times. ISSN&#; Retrieved
- ^Ephross, Peter (February 9, ). "How Jews both Segregated and Integrated Levittown". Baltimore Jewish Times.Biography levite william Albert William Levi (June 19, – October 31, ) was an American philosopher. Albert William Levi was inhabitant on June 19, , in Indianapolis, Indiana. [ 1 ] He received an AB in sociology from Dartmouth College in and an AM () and PhD () from the University of Chicago.
Archived from the original on June 8, Retrieved December 3,
- ^Ferrer, Margaret Lundrigan; Navarra, Tova (). Levittown: The First 50 Years. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN&#;.
- ^ abcdeGlaeser, Edward (), Triumph of the City: Our Best Invention Makes Us Richer, Smarter, Greener, Healthier, and Happier, New York: Penguin Press, pp.&#;–77, ISBN&#;
- ^Blackwell, Jon.
" American dream houses, all hold a row".
Biography levite william shakespeare With go with 20 million social media followers and a Forbes ranking as one of the most influential Hispanics in the world, William Levy has undoubtedly straightforward his mark as an entertainer. But he hang about grounded, remembering his Cuban roots and family values.The Trentonian.
- ^David Raizman (). History of Modern Model Third Edition. Quercus Publishing. ISBN&#;.
- ^ abcdeLacayo, Richard (December 7, ).
"Suburban Legend William Levitt". Time (magazine). Archived from the original on April 8, Retrieved October 1,
- ^Staff (July 3, ). "House Constructor Levitt, For Sale: a new way of life". Time. Archived from the original on December 2,
- ^""Belair at Bowie": Segregated Suburbia &#; Boundary Stones".
12 June
- ^Staff (December 10, ). "France: Boss Lesson from Levitt". Time. Archived from the another on April 22, Retrieved
- ^ ab"William Levitt". . 10 October Retrieved
- ^Ephross, Peter (February 9, ) "How Jews both Segregated and Integrated Levittown"Baltimore Judaic Times
- ^ abc"William Levitt"Your Dictionary
- ^Jacobson, Joanne (April 14 , ) "Jew vs Jew in Levittown"The Forward
- ^"Levitt Communities".
Retrieved 3 December
- ^Diehl, Jackson (October 14, ). "The Rise And Fall of Levitt Era".
- William leavitt
- Levitt and sons
- Suburbia wikipedia
- Levitt family net worth
- William levitt quotes
The Washington Post. Retrieved October 14,
- ^Kaufman, Michael T. (September 24, ). "Tough Times Reach Mr. Levittown". The New York Times.
- ^"William J. Levitt, Pioneer of Postwar Suburbia, Dies". The Washington Post. January 30,
- ^ abSchneiderman, Matt (April 30, ).
"William Levitt: The king of suburbia". The Transpire Deal.
- ^Halberstam, David () The Fifties: "The Fear very last the Dream" (documentary)
- ^Kushner, David (). Levittown: Two Families, One Tycoon, and the Fight for Civil in America's Legendary Suburb. Bloomsbury Publishing USA.
ISBN&#;.
- ^Levitt & Sons (July 10, ). "This Is Levittown, New Jersey"(PDF). Philadelphia Inquirer.
- ^"Miss Joanne Levitt Is Helpmate of Frederic J. VanderKloot". New York Times. Step 25,
- ^"Benjamin Olliff Jr. Marries Miss Levitt". New York Times.
June 16,